Electric machines are critical to society, converting power between electricity and motion. However, innovations in electric machines are necessary to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and improve their capabilities for challenging applications, such as space exploration. Therefore, this project will develop and integrate fast, flexible, and accurate electromagnetic, structural, and thermal equivalent circuit models of electric machines. These models will be tailored for topology optimization (TO), which yields novel shapes that would not result from conventional optimization. Previously, TO has only been applied to portions of electric machines and has not considered electromagnetic, structural, and thermal performance simultaneously. However, the speed, flexibility, and accuracy of the developed models will enable TO of entire electric machines considering electromagnetic, structural, and thermal performance simultaneously. The resulting new designs will reduce costs and losses for existing applications and enable the use of electric machines in new applications. Other broader impacts of the project include research opportunities for high school, undergraduate, and graduate students and the development of assignment modules teaching students to combine coding and discipline-specific knowledge to develop models for solving engineering problems; these assignment modules will be designed to be incorporated into various engineering classes. This project will develo