Biological brains can swiftly perceive and learn from a single experience, invent creative solutions when faced with novel roadblocks, switch among diverse activities and cognitive tasks, and adapt to widely varied conditions and unstructured dynamic environments. Moreover, brains sustain life activities with minimal energy consumption (e.g., approximately 20 Watts of power for >80 billion neurons performing complex cognitive tasks with limited, if any, training). While humans can learn by observing something once, artificial intelligence (AI) systems must be trained thousands of times, can rapidly forget existing knowledge, and consume significant amounts of energy. For example, generative AI is approximately 4 to 10 orders of magnitude less energy-efficient than the human brain, consuming billions of Watts for training and executing just a single task. This project aims to better understand how biological neurons operate during learning and decision-making to replicate their energy-efficient computational feat into future brain-inspired AI architectures, known as NeuroAI. The overall goal is to lay the scientific and engineering foundations of NeuroAI to allow for future advancements in artificial intelligence, biotechnology, translational research, national security, and the science of public safety. This project aims to develop mathematical and computational science frameworks and tools for investigating and understanding how networks of neurons and non-neuronal cells