The rise of embedded systems being offered in safety-critical infrastructure, and the corresponding threat from attacks against them, are highly significant and will continue to be. The project aims not only to characterize that threat, but to do so automatically and in a scalable way. Therefore, this investigation has the potential to both theoretically and practically improve the security across a wide range of embedded systems and their associated infrastructure. This project will disseminate its results in three ways: (1) Developing hands-on, artifact-driven courses to equip undergraduate and graduate students with real-world skills capable of facing current and future threats; (2) Offering learning activities, such as internet-of-things device assembly, encryption exercises, and basic security auditing, to teach best practices for securing safety-critical infrastructure for K-12 students; and (3) Disseminating open, practical research contributions on offensive hardware and systems security through running a workshop on Hardware Attack Artifacts, Analysis, and Metrics, with the objective to enhance US education, help secure industry applications, and strengthen national security. This project takes a novel approach to automatically discover vulnerabilities and triage embedded system firmware. The project team is developing the proposed techniques for vehicle infrastructure, a highly important safety-critical system. This project will enhance the ability to automate s